Fermentation is a metabolic process in which microorganisms convert sugars into alcohol, acids, or gases without oxygen. Its most notable applications are in the food and beverage industry, including alcohol production, food preservation, and dairy manufacturing. However, it’s also essential in biofuel generation and industrial chemical manufacturing – typically via microbial metabolism.
Although ubiquitous, fermentation is, by no means, simple. It is a complex process driven by a host of key variables, including temperature, pH levels, oxygen levels (or anaerobic conditions), nutrient availability, agitation, and microbial contamination. Process optimisation thus requires robust fermentation monitoring to safeguard yields and process consistency.
Mass spectrometry plays a crucial role in fermentation monitoring. It provides the real-time analysis of gases and dissolved gas species in line. This helps process managers efficiently manage conditions to maximise economic and operational efficiency. Read on to see the specifics of how mass spectrometry-based fermentation monitoring works.
What is Mass Spectrometry for Fermentation?
MS-based fermentation monitoring continuously samples off-gas using an inlet system that transfers gases to the ioniser. Gas molecules are then ionised, usually through electron impact ionisation (EIA), causing them to fragment into ions that can be detected and quantified. This method is employed in systems like the Hiden Analytical QGA (quantitative gas analysis) system and the QIC Biostream. These are designed for the real-time monitoring of gases produced during fermentation processes. The gases include:
- O2
- CO2
- H2
- CH4
Fermentation Off-Gas Analysis
Mass spectrometry is a critical tool in fermentation off-gas analysis. It allows for the precise monitoring of gaseous byproducts in the headspace of bioreactors. It facilitates the measurement of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in aerobic fermentation processes. This means it can provide crucial data on the metabolic activities of microorganisms. Mass spectrometry technology also detects hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) in anaerobic conditions, which indicates specific microbial pathways and fermentation efficiency. By calculating respiratory quotients and oxygen uptake/carbon production rates, mass spectrometry equipment can offer insights into the metabolic state and performance of the fermentation process.
Furthermore, the ability to perform real-time quantitative assessments of gas production and uptake rates ensures continuous monitoring and control, optimising the fermentation conditions for maximum yield and quality. This detailed gas analysis supports enhanced process understanding and innovation in industrial biotechnology.
Dissolved Species Analysis
Mass spectrometers equipped with specialised probes are integral for analysing dissolved gases and other compounds within the fermentation liquid. This capability enables the measurement of dissolved gas concentrations at sub-parts per billion (ppb) levels, offering unparalleled sensitivity. These mass spectrometry instruments ensure optimal reactor conditions and homogeneity by monitoring stirring efficiency, aeration, and feed distribution. They can analyse dissolved species up to a 300 atomic mass unit (amu) range, facilitating the comprehensive profiling of fermentation products. This includes the detection of critical substances such as ethanol and lactic acid, providing valuable insights into the fermentation process and product formation. Consequently, mass spectrometry supports precise control and optimisation of fermentation, enhancing product yield and quality.
Interested in Fermentation Monitoring Solutions and Mass Spectrometry?
Hiden Analytical is at the forefront of fermentation monitoring technology, leveraging advanced mass spectrometry systems to deliver unparalleled precision and efficiency.
Our expertise encompasses multi-stream analysis, enabling rapid switching between up to 80 inlet streams from different reactors. This can ensure comprehensive data collection across various species. Moreover, our systems offer real-time monitoring, providing continuous qualitative and quantitative information on chemical concentrations. They can also facilitate automated feedback loops for optimal reaction parameter control.
With high sensitivity and accuracy, our mass spectrometry tools detect gas species at concentrations as low as 5 parts per billion (ppb), accurately quantify multiple gas and vapour species simultaneously, and record precise fragmentation patterns for compound identification. We are committed to innovation, helping our clients achieve superior control and insight into their fermentation processes. Contact our experts to hear more about our equipment or mass spectrometry.
